top of page
Rethink about gender empowerment

'Economic growth does not necessarily reduce gender gaps in earnings or enhance women’s economic autonomy''

 

"Combating Poverty and inequality , Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics"

UNITED NATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 

During our research, we found that even through some countries can achieve gender equality in employment rate and labour participation in different sectors (primary, secondary and tertiary sectors), gender gap still exsist, only appeared in other forms. Furthermore, this kind of gender gap is enforced by economic growth.

Here are four forms of gender inequalities faced by female workers :

 

  • Wages

Although some of the countries can achieve equality in labour market participation on gender aspects, wages between two sexes still not balance. Even through in U.S., the country which promote equality, women's earnng is only 77.9% of male's earning according to the "Men's and Women's Earning by State: 2008 American Community Survey"(Male: $45,556, Female: $ 35,471). 

 

 

  • Working Condition

Under the 'race to the bottom' principle, most of the employers are seeking for lower the production cost and to maximize the use of labour power and the means of production. Therefore some of the labours are treated in an unfair way, for examples, they cannot enjoy sick or holiday pay, the supervisors may refused their permission for leave, they may also forced to work over-time(Esplen E. & Brody A., 2007). 

 

Some may argue that, under capitalism, female is not the only victim, male also face the same situation. However, there is an unwritten norms for recruitment, employers tends to hire female as they are 'dare not complain'(Esplen E. & Brody A., 2007). 

 

 

  • Social Security

Although women have the same opportunities to access the labour market, women are also the majority amongst the unregulated, unconstructed or subcontracted labour. 

 

With these informal job, employers can further exploit its labours as the female labours have little bargaining power.

 

 

 

 

  • Double Burden

Economic growth and participation in labour market also create double- burden for female, especially those marriage women with child. Within the family, female's basic role is the primary family caregiver. They are response to manage household and take care the husband, children(For the couple without child, the wife also faced larger pressure on reproductive)  and the elders. In the society, women also faced the pressure from workplace and the society.

To further illustrade this counter-effect, we will use China and the Philippine's case to show our our investagation.

Reference:

 

Esplen E. & Brody A. (2007). Putting Gender Back in the Picture:Rethinking Women’s Economic Empowerment. BRIDGE , 6-7.

 

U.S. Census Bureau. (2009). Men’s and Women’s Earnings by State: 2008 American Community Survey. U.S. Census Bureau.

 

United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. (2010). Combating Poverty and Inequality. France: UNRISD.

© 2023 by Dawkins & Dodger Architecture. Proudly created with Wix.com

  • facebook
  • Twitter Round
  • googleplus
  • flickr
bottom of page